Speed & Flux estimation by Extended Kalman Filter for Sensorless Direct Torque Control of Saturated Induction Machine

The world currently uses about 13 terawatts  (TW) of energy, and it is predicted by 2050, an additional 10 TW will be required. Not only that, the additional energy required will be have to be carbon neutral. Considering all of this, what is the

The basic direct torque control algorithm gives large ripples in torque, flux and current in steady state, which results in acoustical noise and incorrect speed estimations.

Model-based, direct flux vector control of PMSM drives.